XHTML - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family of XMLmarkup languages. It mirrors or extends versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which Web pages are formulated. While HTML, prior to HTML5, was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a flexible markup language framework, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML. XHTML documents are well- formed and may therefore be parsed using standard XML parsers, unlike HTML, which requires a lenient HTML- specific parser. XHTML 1. 1 became a W3. C Recommendation on May 3. The standard known as XHTML5 is being developed as an XML adaptation of the HTML5 specification. In the current XHTML 1. Recommendation document, as published and revised to August 2. W3. C commented that, . By migrating to XHTML today, content developers can enter the XML world with all of its attendant benefits, while still remaining confident in their content's backward and future compatibility. The WHATWG eventually began working on a standard that supported both XML and non- XML serializations, HTML5, in parallel to W3. C standards such as XHTML 2. In 2. 00. 7, the W3. C's HTML working group voted to officially recognize HTML5 and work on it as the next- generated HTML standard. The Document Object Model (DOM) is a tree structure that represents the page internally in applications, and XHTML and HTML are two different ways of representing that in markup (serializations). Both are less expressive than the DOM (for example, . First off, one source of differences is immediate: XHTML uses an XML syntax, while HTML uses a pseudo- SGML syntax (officially SGML for HTML 4 and under, but never in practice, and standardised away from SGML in HTML5). Secondly however, because the expressible contents of the DOM in syntax are slightly different, there are some changes in actual behavior between the two models. First, there are some differences in syntax. The exact parsing of HTML in practice has been undefined until recently; see the HTML5 specification (. XHTML). Second, in contrast to these minor syntactical differences, there are some behavioral differences, mostly arising from the underlying differences in serialization. For example: Most prominently, behavior on parse errors differ. A fatal parse error in XML (such as an incorrect tag structure) causes document processing to be aborted. Most content requiring namespaces will not work in HTML, except the built- in support for SVG and Math. CSS Template Tutorial Please take your time to visit http:// Further explanation for those new to CSS and XHTML can be found below. Very basic css explanation.wrapper is the name for the attribute.ML in the HTML5 parser along with certain magic prefixes such as xlink. Java. Script processing is a little different in XHTML, with minor changes in case sensitivity to some functions, and further precautions to restrict processing to well- formed content. Scripts must not use the document. XHTML. The inner. HTML property is available, but will not insert non- well- formed content. On the other hand, it can be used to insert well- formed namespaced content into XHTML. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is also applied slightly differently. Due to XHTML's case- sensitivity, all CSS selectors become case sensitive for XHTML documents. To aid authors in the transition, the W3. C provided guidance on how to publish XHTML 1. HTML- compatible manner, and serve them to browsers that were not designed for XHTML.
When measuring the adoption of XHTML to that of regular HTML, therefore, it is important to distinguish whether it is media type usage or actual document contents that is being compared. Both Internet Explorer 7 (released in 2. Internet Explorer 8 (released in March 2. XHTML) regarding searching, indexing and parsing as well as future- proofing the Web itself. In October 2. 00. HTML inventor and W3. C chair Tim Berners- Lee, introducing a major W3. HTML5 and CSS3: New Markup & Styles for the Emerging Web Jason Clark Head of Digital Access & Web Services Montana State University Libraries. C effort to develop a new HTML specification, posted in his blog that, . The large HTML- generating public did not move . This introduced Voyager, the codename for a new markup language based on HTML 4, but adhering to the stricter syntax rules of XML. By February 1. 99. XHTML 1. 0: The Extensible Hyper. Text Markup Language, and in January 2. W3. C Recommendation. The feature is intended to help XHTML extend its reach onto emerging platforms, such as mobile devices and Web- enabled televisions. The initial draft of Modularization of XHTML became available in April 1. Recommendation status in April 2. XHTML: <tag attribute='?' / > BASIC <body> the visible portion of the page <head> portion not displayed on the page <html> creates a html page <title> shows the page name in the title bar. HTML Cheat Sheet Author: Leslie Franke. HTML 5 V = Which version of HTML is this tag valid for Tag Info V Attributes* <!-- --> comment 4 / 5 none. The Essential Guide to CSS and HTML Web Design Craig Grannell. The Essential Guide to CSS and HTML Web Design. It was itself superseded by a second edition in July 2. The W3. C released a first draft in September 1. Recommendation status was reached in May 2. Other changes include removal of the name attribute from the a and map elements, and (in the first edition of the language) removal of the lang attribute in favour of xml: lang. Although XHTML 1. XHTML 1. 0 and HTML 4, in August 2. Working Group issued a formal Note advising that it should not be transmitted with the HTML media type. In January 2. 00. XHTML Media Types - Second Edition) was issued, relaxing this restriction and allowing XHTML 1. With XHTML 1. 1, it is one of the two first implementations of modular XHTML. In addition to the Core Modules (Structure, Text, Hypertext, and List), it implements the following abstract modules: Base, Basic Forms, Basic Tables, Image, Link, Metainformation, Object, Style Sheet, and Target. It also supports additional tags and attributes from other modules. This version became a W3. C recommendation on 2. July 2. 00. 8. This version also supports the lang attribute. Like XHTML Basic, XHTML was developed for information appliances with limited system resources. In October 2. 00. Wireless Application Protocol Forum began adapting XHTML Basic for WAP 2. Wireless Application Protocol. WAP Forum based their DTD on the W3. C's Modularization of XHTML, incorporating the same modules the W3. C used in XHTML Basic 1. Starting with this foundation, the WAP Forum replaced the Basic Forms Module with a partial implementation of the Forms Module, added partial support for the Legacy and Presentation modules, and added full support for the Style Attribute Module. In 2. 00. 2, the WAP Forum was subsumed into the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), which continued to develop XHTML Mobile Profile as a component of their OMA Browsing Specification. XHTML Mobile Profile 1. XHTML MP 1. 1 is part of v. OMA Browsing Specification (1 November 2. XHTML MP 1. 2 is part of v. OMA Browsing Specification (1. March 2. 00. 7). Events in this version of the specification are updated to DOM Level 3 specifications (i. XHTML 1. 2. The inputmode attribute from XHTML Basic 1. The XHTML2 WG had not been chartered to carry out the development of XHTML1. Since the W3. C announced that it does not intend to recharter the XHTML2 WG. This lack of compatibility with XHTML 1. HTML 4 caused some early controversy in the web developer community. A ninth draft of XHTML 2. July 2, 2. 00. 9, the W3. C decided to let the XHTML2 Working Group charter expire by that year's end, effectively halting any further development of the draft into a standard. This would have been useful in creating nested menus, which are currently created by a wide variety of means like nested unordered lists or nested definition lists. Any element was to be able to act as a hyperlink, e. However, XLink itself is not compatible with XHTML due to design differences. Any element was to be able to reference alternative media with the src attribute, e. The level of these headings was determined by the depth of the nesting. This would have allowed the use of headings to be infinite, rather than limiting use to six levels deep. The remaining presentational elements i, b and tt, still allowed in XHTML 1. Strict), were to be absent from XHTML 2. The only somewhat presentational elements remaining were to be sup and sub for superscript and subscript respectively, because they have significant non- presentational uses and are required by certain languages. All other tags were meant to be semantic instead (e. The key motive of the group was to create a platform for dynamic web applications; they considered XHTML 2. It adds many new elements not found in XHTML 1. Semantic content in XHTML. This host language is one of the techniques used to develop Semantic Web content by embedding rich semantic markup. Valid XHTML documents. Validity assures consistency in document code, which in turn eases processing, but does not necessarily ensure consistent rendering by browsers. A document can be checked for validity with the W3. C Markup Validation Service. In practice, many web development programs provide code validation based on the W3. C standards. Root element. The namespace URI for XHTML is http: //www. The example tag below additionally features an xml: lang attribute to identify the document with a natural language: < htmlxmlns=. A DOCTYPE declares to the browser the Document Type Definition (DTD) to which the document conforms. A Document Type Declaration should be placed before the root element. The system identifier part of the DOCTYPE, which in these examples is the URL that begins with http: //, need only point to a copy of the DTD to use, if the validator cannot locate one based on the public identifier (the other quoted string). It does not need to be the specific URL that is in these examples; in fact, authors are encouraged to use local copies of the DTD files when possible. The public identifier, however, must be character- for- character the same as in the examples. XML declaration. However, if the document instead makes use of XML 1. Internet Explorer prior to version 7 enters quirks mode, if it encounters an XML declaration in a document served as text/html. Common errors. Older HTML- only browsers interpreting it as HTML will generally accept < br> and < br />. Omitting end tags. Incorrect: < p> This is a paragraph.< p> This is another paragraph.
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